Debt in emerging market and developing economies (EMDEs) is at its highest level in half a century. In about nine out of 10 EMDEs, debt is higher now than it was in 2010 and, in half of the EMDEs, debt is more than 30 percentage points of gross domestic product higher. Historically, elevated debt levels increased the incidence of debt distress, particularly in EMDEs and particularly when financial market conditions turned less benign.
This paper reviews an encompassing menu of options that have, in the past,
This paper seeks to study the extent of soundness of managing the government budget, which, if properly prepared, could act as a key driver of change in Egypt. The study starts with evaluating the extent to which the six basic international principles of comprehensiveness, transparency, realism, consistency, coherence and accountability set by the International Monetary Fund are achieved in the Egyptian budget. It also examines the extent of consistency between the budget on the one hand and the constitution and the state’s economic and social plan on the other hand. Section II of the study conducts a detailed comparative analysis of revenues and expenditures during the period 2010/2011 – 2021/2022 (various years), as well as an evaluation of projects funded by grants and loans. The aim is to clearly identify the sources and uses of public money in Egypt. Finally, Section III reviews the most important problems revealed by the analysis and the proposed solutions to address them.
This study assesses the extent of availability of financial services and whether they fulfill the needs of small enterprises, and identifies obstacles and supply gaps in this respect. Following the introduction, part II of the study reviews key initiatives taken by the government and regulatory authorities in relation to small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in general. Parts III and IV discuss the characteristics of the questionnaire conducted by ECES, which included a representative sample of enterprises, and its most important results, including an assessment of the extent to which small enterprises benefit from financial services, and the stance of financial institutions regarding dealing with these enterprises. Finally, Part V presents the key findings and recommendations to improve the ability of small enterprises to benefit of the provided financial services.
Egypt’s Economic Profile and Statistics is an annual booklet containing summary data and information about various aspects of the Egyptian economy. Designed in a graphical and tabular format, this publication is intended mainly for the business community and investors seeking reliable information about the main developments in the Egyptian economy. This edition covers fiscal year […]